Publications, 1975 - 2024

1. Kopelman, Loretta M. “On Disease: Theories of Disease and the Ascription of Disease: Comments on ‘The Concepts of Health and Disease.’” In Evaluation and Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences, edited by H. T. Engelhardt and S. Spicker, 143–150. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1975.

2. Kopelman, Loretta M. “On the Right to Information and Freedom of Choice for the Dying: Is It for Minors?” In The Child and Death, edited by O. J. Sahler and C. V. Moseley, 238–247. 1978.

3. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Ethical Controversies in Medical Research: The Case of XYY Screening.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 21, no. 2 (1978): 196–204.

4. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Genetic Screening in Newborns: Voluntary or Compulsory?” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 22, no. 1 (1978): 83–89.

5. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Estimating Risk in Human Research.” Clinical Research 29 (February 1981): 1–8.

6. Kopelman, Loretta M., and John C. Moskop. “The Holistic Health Movement: A Survey and Critique.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 6 (May 1981): 209–235.

7. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Randomized Clinical Trials: Consent and the Therapeutic Relationship.” Clinical Research 31 (February 1983): 1–11.

8. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Cynicism Among Medical Students.” Journal of the American Medical Association 250 (October 21, 1983): 2006–2010.

9. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Respect and the Retarded: Issues of Valuing and Labeling.” In Ethics and Mental Retardation, edited by Loretta M. Kopelman and John C. Moskop, 65–85. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1984.

10. Kopelman, Loretta M., and John C. Moskop. “Introduction.” In Ethics and Mental Retardation, edited by Loretta M. Kopelman and John C. Moskop, xi–xvi. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1984.

11. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Justice and the Hippocratic Tradition of Acting for the Good of the Sick.” In Ethics and Critical Care Medicine, edited by John C. Moskop and Loretta M. Kopelman, 79–103. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1985.

12. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Paternalism and Autonomy in the Care of the Catastrophically and Chronically Ill Child.” In Issues in the Care of Children with Chronic Illness: A Source Book on Problems, Services and Policies, edited by N. Hobbs and J. Perrin, 61–86. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishing Co., 1985.

13. Culver, Charles M., K. Danner Clouser, Bernard Gert, Howard Brody, John Fletcher, Albert Jonsen, Loretta M. Kopelman, Joanne Lynn, Mark Siegler, and Daniel Wikler. “Basic Curricular Goals in Medical Ethics: The Decamp Conference on the Teaching of Medical Ethics.” New England Journal of Medicine 312 (January 24, 1985): 253–256.

14. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Case Method, The Case Method Fallacy.” Notes of the Society for Health and Human Values 15 (February 1985): 2–3.

15. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Protesting the Proposed Federal Regulations for Critically Sick Infants.” North Carolina Medical Journal (May 1985): 9–13.

16. Culver, Charles M., K. Danner Clouser, Bernard Gert, Howard Brody, John Fletcher, Albert Jonsen, Loretta M. Kopelman, Joanne Lynn, Mark Siegler, and Daniel Wikler. “Response to Letters to the Editor on Basic Curriculum Goals in Medical Ethics.” New England Journal of Medicine 313 (August 15, 1985): 456–457.

17. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Consent and Randomized Clinical Trials: Are There Moral or Design Problems?” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 11 (November 1986): 317–345.

18. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Punishment Concept of Disease.” In AIDS: Ethics and Public Policy, edited by C. Pierce and D. van De Veer, 49–55. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1988.

19. Kopelman, Loretta M., Thomas G. Irons, and Arthur E. Kopelman. “Neonatologists Judge the ‘Baby Doe’ Regulations.” New England Journal of Medicine 318, no. 11 (March 17, 1988): 677–683.

20. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Charlotte the Spider, Socrates and the Problem of Evil.” In Children and Health Care: Moral and Social Issues, edited by Loretta M. Kopelman and John C. Moskop, 121–131. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

21. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Development of the Medical Humanities Program at East Carolina University School of Medicine.” Academic Medicine 64, no. 12 (December 1989): 730–734.

22. Kopelman, Loretta M. “When Is the Risk Minimal Enough for Children to Be Research Subjects?” In Children and Health Care: Moral and Social Issues, edited by Loretta M. Kopelman and John C. Moskop, 89–99. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

23. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Moral Problems in Psychiatry.” In Medical Ethics, edited by Robert Veatch, 253–290. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishing Co., 1989.

24. Kopelman, Loretta M. “How a Disagreement Over Partiality Helped Form an Ethics Committee.” In Ethics at the Bedside, edited by Charles M. Culver, 127–142. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1990.

25. Kopelman, Loretta M. “What Is Applied About Applied Philosophy?” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 15 (April 1990): 199–218.

26. Kopelman, Loretta M. “On the Evaluative Nature of Competency and Capacity Judgments.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 13, no. 4 (Fall 1990): 309–329.

27. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Nancy Cruzan Case.” Letter to the editor. New England Journal of Medicine 324, no. 8 (February 21, 1991): 561.

28. Kopelman, Loretta M., Arthur E. Kopelman, and Thomas Irons. “Neonatologists, Pediatricians and the Supreme Court Criticize the ‘Baby Doe’ Regulations.” In Compelled Compassion, edited by Arthur L. Caplan, Robert H. Blank, and Janna C. Merrick, 237–266. Totowa, NJ: The Humana Press, Inc., 1992.

29. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Editor’s Introduction: Philosophical Issues Concerning Psychiatric Diagnosis.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 17, no. 2 (April 1992): 121–126.

30. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Do the ‘Baby Doe’ Rules Ignore Suffering?” Second Opinion 18, no. 4 (April 1993): 101–113.

31. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Medical Humanities Program at East Carolina University.” North Carolina Medical Journal 54, no. 8 (August 1993): 409–413.

32. Kopelman, Loretta M. “When Is Medical Treatment Futile?” In The Beginning of Human Life, edited by F. K. Beller and R. F. Weir, 371–381. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.

33. Kopelman, Loretta M. “How AIDS Activists Are Changing Research.” In Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues, edited by John F. Monagle and David C. Thomasma, 199–209. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishing Co., 1994.

34. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Case Method and Casuistry: The Problem of Bias.” Theoretical Medicine 15, no. 1 (March 1994): 21–37.

35. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Rationing and the Americans with Disabilities Act.” Letter to the editor. Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 24 (June 22/29, 1994): 1903–1904.

36. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Female Circumcision/Genital Mutilation and Ethical Relativism.” Second Opinion 20, no. 2 (October 1994): 55–71.

37. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Informed Consent and Anonymous Tissue Samples: The Case of HIV Seroprevalence Studies.” The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 19 (1994): 525–552.

38. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Normal Grief: Good or Bad? Health or Disease?” Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 1, no. 4 (1994): 209–220.

39. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Rejoinder: If Grief Is Not Bad, Is It Good?” Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 1, no. 4 (1994): 225–226.

40. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Injustice of Age Bias Against Children in Allocating Health Care.” In Allocating Health Care Resources, edited by James M. Humber and Robert F. Almeder, 205–219. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995.

41. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Research Methodology/II. Controlled Clinical Trials.” In Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Revised Edition, edited by Warren T. Reich, vol. 4, 2270–2285. New York: Simon & Schuster MacMillan, 1995.

42. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Research Policy/II. Risk and Vulnerable Groups.” In Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Revised Edition, edited by Warren T. Reich, vol. 4, 2291–2296. New York: Simon & Schuster MacMillan, 1995.

42. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Children/III. Health Care and Research Issues.” In Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Revised Edition, edited by Warren T. Reich, vol. 1, 357–368. New York: Simon & Schuster MacMillan, 1995.

44. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Stretching the Imagination: A Review of Robin S. Downie’s The Healing Arts.” Medical Humanities Review 9, no. 2 (1995): 97–99.

45. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Conceptual and Moral Disputes About Futile and Useful Treatments.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 20, no. 2 (April 1995): 109–121.

46. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Ethical Disputes Over Futile Treatments.” North Carolina Medical Journal 56, no. 9 (September 1995): 458–459.

47. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Philosophy and Medical Education.” Academic Medicine 70, no. 9 (September 1995): 795–805.

48. Clayton, Ellen Wright, Karen K. Steinberg, Muin J. Khoury, Elizabeth Thomson, Lori Andrews, Mary Jo Ellis Kahn, Loretta M. Kopelman, and Joan O. Weiss. “Informed Consent for Genetic Research on Stored Tissue Samples.” Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 22 (December 13, 1995): 1786–1792.

49. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Ethical Assumptions and Ambiguities of the Americans with Disabilities Act.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy21 (1996): 187–208.

50. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Moral Problems in Psychiatry: The Role of Value Judgments in Psychiatric Practice.” In Medical Ethics, 2nd ed., edited by Robert Veatch, 275–320. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishing Company, 1997.

51. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Medicine’s Challenge to Relativism: The Case of Female Genital Mutilation.” In Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics: A Twenty-Year Retrospective and Critical Appraisal, edited by Ronald A. Carson and Chester R. Burns, vol. 50, 221–238. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

52. Kopelman, Loretta M., and Michael G. Palumbo. “The U.S. Health Delivery System: Inefficient and Unfair to Children.” American Journal of Law and Medicine23, nos. 2–3 (1997): 319–337.

53. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Best-Interests Standard as Threshold, Ideal, and Standard of Reasonableness.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 22, no. 3 (1997): 271–289.

54. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Children and Bioethics: Uses and Abuses of the Best-Interest Standard, Introduction.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 22, no. 3 (1997): 213–217.

55. Kopelman, Loretta M. “AIDS Activists and Their Legacy for Research Policy.” In Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century, 251–264. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, 1998.

56. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Medical Futility.” In Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, vol. 3, 185–196. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.

57. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Female Circumcision and Genital Mutilation.” In Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, vol. 2, 249–259. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.

58. Kopelman, Loretta M., Donald R. Lannin, and Arthur E. Kopelman. “Preventing and Managing Unwarranted Biases Against Patients.” In Surgical Ethics, edited by Laurence B. McCullough, James W. Jones, and Baruch A. Brody, 242–254. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

59. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Beyond Autonomy: Health Care Decisions for Cognitively-Impaired Individuals.” Advances in Bioethics 4 (1998): 255–275.

60. De Ville, Kenneth, and Loretta M. Kopelman. “Moral and Social Issues Regarding Pregnant Women Who Use and Abuse Drugs.” Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America (1998): 237–254. Reprinted in Contemporary Issues in Bioethics, 6th ed., edited by Tom Beauchamp and LeRoy Walters, 334–343. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2003.

61. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Bioethics and Humanities: What Makes Us One Field?” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 23, no. 4 (1998): 356–368.

62. De Ville, Kenneth A., and Loretta M. Kopelman. “Wisconsin’s 1998 Fetal Protection Law: An Immodest Proposal.” APA Newsletters 98, no. 1 (Fall 1998): 99–103.

63. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Bias and Conflicts of Interest in Science: Controversial Industry Funding of Infant‑Feeding Studies.” In Beyond Regulations: Ethics in Human Subjects Research, 123–127. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

64. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Building the New Field of Bioethics.” In Building Bioethics: Conversations with Clouser and Friends on Medical Ethics, edited by Loretta M. Kopelman, 1–12. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

65. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Are Better Problem‑Solvers Better People?” In Building Bioethics: Conversations with Clouser and Friends on Medical Ethics, edited by Loretta M. Kopelman, 77–79. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

66. Kopelman, Loretta M., and Larry McCullough. “‘Introduction’ Hume, Bioethics, and Philosophy of Medicine.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 24, no. 4 (1999): 315–321.

67. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Help from Hume: Reconciling Professionalism and Managed Care.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 24, no. 4 (1999): 396–410.

68. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Acknowledging Pain in Others.” Pain Forum 8, no. 2 (June 1999): 87–90.

69. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Values and Virtues: How Should They Be Taught?” Academic Medicine 74, no. 12 (December 1999): 1307–1310.

70. De Ville, Kenneth A., and Loretta M. Kopelman. “Fetal Protections in Wisconsin’s Child Abuse Law: Right Goal, Wrong Remedy.” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 27, no. 4 (Winter 1999).

71. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Changing Views of Paternalism in Research: AIDS Activists Demand Change.” In The Philosophy of Medicine: Framing the Field, Essays in Honor of Stuart F. Spicker, edited by H. Tristram Engelhardt, 139–156. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

72. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Human Subjects Research, Ethics, and Research on Children.” In Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal and Policy Issues in Biotechnology, edited by Tom Murray and Maxwell Mehlman, 576–585. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

73. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Multiculturalism and Truthfulness: Negotiating Differences by Finding Similarities.” South African Journal of Philosophy 19, no. 1 (2000): 51–64.

74. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Moral Problems with Assessing Research Risk.” IRB: Ethics & Human Research 22, no. 5 (2000): 3–6.

75. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Children as Research Subjects: A Dilemma.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 25, no. 6 (December 2000): 745–764.

76. Kopelman, Loretta M., with Wendy E. Mouradian. “Introduction: Do Children Get Their Fair Share of Health and Dental Care?” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 26, no. 2 (2001): 127–136.

77. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Pojęciowe i moralne problemy terappi daremnej i użytecznej.” In Dylematy Bioetyki, edited by Anna Alichniewicz and Anna Szczęsna, translated into Polish, 117–130. Łódź: Zakład Etyki i Filozofii Medycyny AM w Łodzi, 2001.

78. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Female Genital Cutting and Ethical Relativism.” In Globalizing Feminist Bioethics: Crosscultural Perspectives, edited by Rosemarie Tong, Gwen Anderson, and Aida Santos, 219–237. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001.

79. Kopelman, Loretta M. “On Duties to Provide Basic Health and Dental Care to Children.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 26, no. 2 (2001): 192–209.

80. Kopelman, Loretta M., and Kenneth De Ville. “The Contemporary Debate Over Physician-Assisted Suicide.” In Physician-Assisted Suicide: What Are the Issues?, edited by Loretta M. Kopelman and Kenneth A. De Ville, 1–25. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

81. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Does Physician-Assisted Suicide Promote Liberty and Compassion?” In Physician-Assisted Suicide: What Are the Issues?, edited by Loretta M. Kopelman and Kenneth A. De Ville, 87–102. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

82. Kopelman, Loretta M., and Kenneth De Ville. “Teaching Medical Humanities in the Tradition of John Dewey.” Current Surgery 58, no. 4 (July/August 2001): 385–386.

83. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Role of Science in Assessing Conventional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines.” In The Role of Complementary & Alternative Medicine: Accommodating Pluralism, edited by Daniel Callahan, 36–53. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2002.

84. Kopelman, Loretta M., and Anton van Niekerk. “Introduction: AIDS and Africa.” The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 27, no. 2 (2002): 139–142.

85. Kopelman, Loretta M. “If HIV/AIDS Is Punishment, Who Is Bad?” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy27, no. 2 (2002): 231–243.

86. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Pediatric Research Regulations Under Legal Scrutiny: Grimes Narrows Their Interpretation.” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 1 (2002): 38–49.

87. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Group Benefit and Protection of Pediatric Research Subjects: Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger and the Lead Abatement Study.” Accountability in Research 9, no. 3–4 (July–December 2002): 177–192.

88. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Children’s Right to Health Care: A Modest Proposal.” In Medicine and Social Justice: Essays on the Distribution of Health Care, edited by Rosamond Rhodes, M. Battin, and A. Silvers, 259–277. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

89. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Is Normal Grief Bad?” ASBH Exchange 6, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 7–8.

90. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Department of Medical Humanities.” Academic Medicine 78, no. 10 (October 2003): 1066–67.

91. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Konzeptionelle und moralische Kontroversen über nutzlose und nützliche Behandlungen.” In Gerechte Gesundheitsversorgung: Ethische Grundposition zur Mittelverteilung im Gesundheitswesen, edited by Georg Markmann, Paul Liening, and Urban Wiesing, 266–276. New York: Schattauer, 2003.

92. Kopelman, Loretta M., and Kenneth De Ville. “Rembrandt’s Anatomy Lesson as a Metaphor for Education.” Current Surgery 60, no. 2 (2003): 150–151.

93. Kopelman, Loretta M., and Kenneth De Ville. “Preparing for Moral and Social Problems.” Current Surgery 60, no. 6 (2003): 593.

94. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Principles of Medical Ethics and Medical Decision Making.” In Pediatric Hospital Medicine: Textbook of Inpatient Management, edited by Ronald Perkin, James Swift, and Dale Newton, 81–88. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2003.

95. De Ville, Kenneth, and Loretta M. Kopelman. “Diversity, Trust, and Patient Care: Affirmative Action in Medical Education 25 Years After Bakke.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 28, no. 4 (2003): 489–516.

96. Kopelman, Loretta M., and Timothy Murphy. “Ethical Concerns About Approval of Risky Pediatric Studies.” Pediatrics 113, no. 6 (2004): 1783–1789.

97. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Adolescents as Doubly Vulnerable Research Subjects.” American Journal of Bioethics 4, no. 1 (2004): 50–52.

98. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Research Methodology/II. Clinical Trials.” In Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd ed., edited by Stephen G. Post, 2334–2343. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004.

99. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Research Policy/II. Risk and Vulnerable Groups.” In Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd ed., edited by Stephen G. Post, 2365–2372. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004.

100. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Children/III. Health Care and Research Issues.” In Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd ed., edited by Stephen G. Post, 387–399. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004.

101. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Circumcision, Female Update.” In Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd ed., edited by Stephen G. Post, 417–420. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004.

102. Kopelman, Loretta M. “On Distinguishing Justifiable from Unjustifiable Paternalism.” Virtual Mentor: Ethics Journal of the American Medical Association 6, no. 2 (February 2004).

103. Kopelman, Loretta, David Resnik, and Douglas Weed. “What Is the Role of the Precautionary Principle in Bioethics and the Philosophy of Medicine?” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29, no. 3 (2004): 255–258.

104. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Minimal Risk as an International Ethical Standard in Research.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29, no. 3 (2004): 351–378.

105. Kopelman, Loretta M., and T. F. Murphy. “Reply to Lainie Ross. ‘The Need for Consistency in 407 Reviews.’” Pediatrics 114, no. 3 (September 2004): 901–902.

106. Kopelman, Loretta M. “What Conditions Justify Risky Nontherapeutic or ‘No Benefit’ Pediatric Studies: A Sliding Scale Analysis.” Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 32, no. 4 (Winter 2004): 749–758.

107. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Are the 21-Year-Old Baby Doe Rules Misunderstood or Mistaken?” Pediatrics 115 (2005): 797–802.

108. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Response to Irene Hurst, R.N., Ph.D., on ‘Are the Twenty-Year-Old Baby Doe Rules Misunderstood or Mistaken?’” Pediatrics 116, no. 1 (July 2005): 288–289.

109. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Response to F. Clark, on ‘Are the 21-Year-Old Baby Doe Rules Misunderstood or Mistaken?’” Pediatrics 116, no. 2 (August 2005): 513–515.

110. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Incompatibility of the United Nations’ Goals and Conventionalist Ethical Relativism.” Developing World Bioethics 5, no. 3 (2005): 234–243.

111. Kopelman, Arthur, J. Clinton Parker, George Ho, Charles Willson, and Loretta M. Kopelman. “The Benefits of a North Carolina Policy for Determining Inappropriate Medical Care.” North Carolina Medical Journal 66, no. 5 (September/October 2005): 392–395.

112. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Rejecting the Baby Doe Rules and Defending a ‘Negative’ Analysis of the Best Interests Standard.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 30 (2005): 331–352.

113. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Response to Irene Hurst, R.N., Ph.D., on ‘Are the 21-Year-Old Baby Doe Rules Misunderstood or Mistaken?’ ‘Baby Doe Rules’ Letter.” Pediatrics 116, no. 6 (December 2005): 1602–1603.

114. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Response to Irene Hurst, R.N., Ph.D., Joel E. Frader, M.D., and Frank Clark, M.D., J.D., on ‘Are the 21-Year-Old Baby Doe Rules Misunderstood or Mistaken?’ ‘Baby Doe Rules’ Letter.” Pediatrics 116, no. 6 (December 2005): 1600–1603.

115. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Bioethics as a Second Order Discipline: Who Is Not a Bioethicist?” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 31, no. 6 (2006): 601–628.

116. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Children as Research Subjects: Moral Disputes, Regulatory Guidance, and Recent Court Decisions.” Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 73, no. 3 (May 2006): 596–604.

117. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Clinical Trials for Breast Cancer and Informed Consent: How Women Helped Make Research a Cooperative Venture.” In Breasts and Medicine: The Conceptual History of Breast Cancer and Its Implications for Medical Practice, edited by Mary Rawlinson, 133–161. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006.

118. Kopelman, Loretta M. “When Should Research with Infants, Children or Adolescents be Permitted?” In Research Ethics, edited by Ana Iltis, 121–131. Routledge Annals of Bioethics Series. New York: Routledge–Taylor &Francis Group, 2006.

119. Kopelman, Loretta M. “What Is Unique about the Doctor and Patient Medical Encounter? A Moral and Economic Perspective.” American Journal of Bioethics 6, no. 2 (March/April 2006): 85–89.

120. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Best Interests Standard for Incompetent or Incapacitated Persons of All Ages.” Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 35, no. 1 (2007): 187–196.

121. Kopelman, Loretta M. “When Can Children with Conditions Be in Higher Hazard, No Benefit Pediatric Studies?” American Journal of Bioethics 7, no. 3 (March 2007): 15–17.

122. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Analyzing the Best Interests Standard.” ASBH Exchange 10, no. 3 (2007): 1, 11.

123. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Is Withholding Artificial Nutrition and Hydration from PVS Patients Active Euthanasia?” In Pluralistic Casuistry: Balancing Moral Arguments, Economic Realities and Political Theory, edited by Mark Cherry and Ana Iltis, 167–178. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007.

124. Malek, Janet, and Loretta M. Kopelman. “The Well-Being of Subjects and Other Parties in Genetic Research and Testing.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 32, no. 4 (2007): 311–319.

125. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Using the Best Interests Standard to Decide Whether to Test Children for Untreatable, Late-Onset Diseases.” The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 32, no. 4 (2007): 375–394.

126. van Niekerk, Anton A., and Loretta M. Kopelman. “Response to G.R. McLean’s Review of Ethics and AIDS in Africa: The Challenge to Our Thinking.” Developing World Bioethics 7, no. 3 (2007): 163–165.

127. Kopelman, Loretta M., and Arthur E. Kopelman. “Using a New Analysis of the Best Interests Standard to Address Cultural Disputes: Whose Data, Which Values?” Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 25, no. 5 (2007): 373–391.

128. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Ethical and Legal Issues.” In Pediatric Hospital Medicine: Textbook of Inpatient Management, 2nd ed., edited by Ronald Perkin, James Swift, Dale Newton, and Nick G. Anas, 39–47. Philadelphia: Walters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2008.

129. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Disputes over Moral Standards Guiding Treatments for Imperiled Infants.” Seminars in Perinatology 33 (December 2009): 372–376.

130. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Why the CAPTA’s Baby Doe Rules Should Be Rejected in Favor of the Best Interests Standard.” Georgia State University Law Review 25, no. 4 (2009): 907–928.

131. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Bioethics as Public Discourse and as Second Order Discipline.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 34 (2009): 261–273.

132. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Using the Best Interests Standard in Treatment Decisions for Young Children.” In Pediatric Bioethics, edited by Geoffrey Miller, 22–37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

133. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Female Circumcision and Genital Mutilation.” In Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, edited by Ruth Chadwick, 285–294. San Diego: Academic Press, 2012.

134. Kopelman, Loretta M. “On Justifying Pediatric Research Without the Prospect of Clinical Benefit.” American Journal of Bioethics 12, no. 1 (January 2012): 32–34.

135. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Health Care Reform and Children’s Right to Health Care: A Modest Proposal.” In Medicine and Social Justice: Essays on the Distribution of Health Care, 2nd ed., edited by Rosamond Rhodes, Margaret P. Battin, and Anita Silvers, 335–345. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

136. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Using the Best Interests Standard to Generate Actual Duties.” American Journal of Bioethics Primary Research 4, no. 2 (2013): 11–14.

137. Kopelman, Loretta M. “The Growth of Bioethics and a Second Order Discipline.” In The Development of Bioethics in the United States, edited by J.R. Garrett, Fabrice Jotterand, and D.C. Ralston, 137–159. Philosophy and Medicine, Vol. 115. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013.

138. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Make Her a Virgin Again: When Medical Disputes About Minors Are Cultural Clashes.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 39, no. 1 (2014): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jht055.

139. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Using the Minimal Risk Threshold for All ‘No Benefit’ Pediatric Studies.” American Journal of Bioethics 19, no. 9 (2014): 17–18.

140. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Children/III. Health Care and Research Issues.” In Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 4th ed., edited by Bruce Jennings, Vol. 2, 532–545. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale-Macmillan Reference USA, 2014.

141. Kopelman, Loretta M. “Circumcision, Female/II. Ethical and Cultural Aspects.” In Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 4th ed., edited by Bruce Jennings, Vol. 2, 577–583. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale-Macmillan Reference USA, 2014.

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