Kim Philby - Oleg Kalugin Collection

Harold Adrian Russel "Kim" Philby (1912-1988), the son of Middle East expert Harry St. John Bridger Philby and Dora Johnston, was born in India in 1912. In 1929, Kim Philby entered Trinity College at Cambridge University. Soon, he became a socialist and met Donald Maclean and Anthony Blunt. Thereafter, he became a communist but never joined the party. In 1933, Philby went to Vienna, Austria, where he helped smuggle socialists and communists out of the country. He married Alice Friedman, also a communist, in 1934. In London, the Soviets approached Philby about becoming an agent, and he agreed. In 1940, Philby joined MI6, and in 1949, he was posted to Washington, D.C. to serve as the British liaison to the CIA and FBI. In that role, he provided Moscow with sensitive information. In 1951, Maclean was exposed as a spy, thus Philby was watched closely. In 1956, Philby was posted to Beirut, Lebanon. In 1963, Nicholas Elliot, a former Secret Intelligence Service station commander, accused Philby of spying. In response, Philby fled for Russia on a Soviet freighter. In Russia, Philby worked for the KGB. His autobiography, "My Silent War," was published in 1968. Kim Philby died on May 11, 1988, in Moscow. [Source: "The Cold War, 1945-1991: Leaders and Other Important Figures in the United States and Western Europe" Ed. Benjamin Frankel. Detroit: Gale, 1992.]

Oleg Kalugin (b. 1934) is a retired major general of the Soviet KGB. The son of an NKVD officer, he was born in Leningrad. Kalugin attended Leningrad State University, and he was soon recruited into the KGB. He worked for Radio Moscow as a correspondent at the United Nations. From 1965 to 1970, Kalugin served as deputy resident and acting chief of the residency at the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C. He became the youngest general in the history of the KGB. In time, Kalugin became head of KGB worldwide counterintelligence. Because he criticized the KGB system, Kalugin was demoted, and he served as first deputy chief of internal security in Leningrad from 1980 until 1987. In 1990, he retired from the KGB and began to criticize the Communist system. As a result, he was stripped of his rank, decorations, and pension. Nonetheless, Kalugin won a seat in the Supreme Soviet. Following the 1991 putsch, he became an unpaid advisor to reformist KGB Chairman Vadim Bakatin. Kalugin has taught extensively at the Center for Counterintelligence and Security Studies and at Catholic University. In 1994, his autobiography was published by St. Martins Press: "The First Chief Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West." [Source: http://www.cicentre.com/STAFF_Kalugin.htm. Accessed 11/17/2004.]